X-Ray Flow Visualization in Multiphase Flows

The use of X-ray flow visualization has brought a powerful new tool to the study multiphase flows. Penetrating radiation can probe spatial concentration different phases without refraction, diffraction, or multiple scattering that usually produce image artifacts reduce signal-to-noise ratio below reliable values in optical flows; hence, enables research into three-dimensional (3D) structure flows characterized by complex interfaces. With commoditization laboratory sources and wider access synchrotron beam time for fluid mechanics, this novel imaging technique shed light onto many industrial environmental interest under realistic 3D configurations at operating conditions (high Reynolds numbers high volume fractions) had defied decades. We present broad survey most commonly studied (e.g., sprays, fluidized beds, bubble columns) order highlight progress made understanding internal coupling these flows, we discuss potential advanced tomography time-resolved particle tracking radiography further